Business Information Systems Essay

1. What is a conclusion? When does a person give to make a conclusion? A decision is a conclusion or resolution cooking stoveed after a thought out go downting of variables in a puzzle. When much than ace and only(a) possible action is involved in solving a problem, a decision moldiness be do. 2. Calculating a complex trajectory of a spaceship to Mars is a merged problem, whereas name the ca subroutine up of goods and services of a rash on a persons strip is often unregulated. How so? A structured problem is one in which an best solution bum be r only(prenominal)ed done a single set of steps. Since the one set of steps is cognize, and since the steps must be followed in a known sequence, solving a structured problem with the identical data always fork ups the same solution. This sequence of steps is known as an algorithm. An unstructured problem is one for which thither is no algorithm to follow to reach an optimal solution either beca practice session thith er is non enough discipline comfortably-nigh the factors that exponent affect the solution or because there be so umteen emf factors that no algorithm dissolve be formulated to guarantee a unique optimal solution. Unstructuredness is closely cogitate to uncertainty.3. DSSs use mystifys to unconscious handle data. pardon what a model is. generate an example that is non mentioned in the chapter. A sequence of planets or a pattern of behavior might become a useful model when the relationships among its gossips, outputs, and conditions can be established well enough that they can be utilize to go assorted parameters. Models ar use to predict output on the rear of polar input or different conditions or to estimate what combination of conditions and input might lead to a sought after output. Models argon often based on mathematical research or on do it. A model might be a widely apply system to predict performance, such as best- moderate linear abstract, or i t might be built by the organization, using the experience that employees in the firm entertain store oer snip. 4. many DSSs be non stand- alone any much, further are engraft in opposite ISs. What are those ISs? Many DSSs are now closely intertwined with other organizational systems, including data warehouses, data marts, and ERP systems, from which they leader relevant data. 5. What is a sensitivity rivulet?A sensitivity analytic thinking is conducted to render the degree to which the total profit grows or shrinks if one or more of the factors is increase or decreased. It is often referred to as what- if analysis.6. The airway and hospitality industries use DSSs for yield centering. What is yield management, and what is the output of a yield management DSS? The designing of yield management DSSs is to see to it the proper pricing to maximize the overall revenue from selling seats for each flight. The vector sum is often price discrimination.7. What is the purpose of an expert system? How can it execute as a competitive quill? The purpose of ESs is to replicate the unstructured and undocumented knowledge of the few (the experts), and put it at the disposal of the many other lot who need the knowledge, often novices or professionals in the same domain solely with distant less expertise. It can serve as a competitive tool by the using of a knowledge base, which is a collection of facts and the relationships among them. An ES does not use a model module but an inference engine. The inference engine is bundle that combines data that is input by the drug substance abuser with the data relationships stored in the knowledge base. The impart is a diagnosis or insinuation for the best course of action. In or so ESs, the knowledge base is built as a series of IF- THEN rules. 8. Explain how expert systems can distribute expertise.By coupling quantitative data from a database with decision models. An expert system (ES) is sure to emulate the knowledge of an expert to elaborate problems and make decisions in a relatively narrow domain. 9. How could an ES be utilise to detect probable fraud connected by a bank employee? agate line diligences have increasingly combined aflutter nets and ES technologies in software that monitors headache processes and supply chain management. Neural nets have been very effective in detecting fraud of many fibers.10. What is the prefer of feature ES and neural net technologies? ES researchers continue to look for ways to amend capture knowledge and represent it. They hear the results of such efforts in highly unstructured problem- solving domains. Rather than containing a set of IF- THEN rules, more sophisticated ESs use neural earningss (neural nets), programs that are designed to copy the way a human adept learns. An ES is constructed with a set of rules, but as data on real victoryes and failures of decisions is accumulated and fed into the system, the neural ne iirk ref ines the rules to accomplish a higher success rate. 11. What is a GIS? What purpose does it serve?GISs process location data and provide output. For instance, a GIS could be used to help a housing developer determine where to invest by tracking and displaying population changes on a map, highlighting in color increases of more than 10 percent over the ultimo three years. 12. Name the three major(ip) elements that are combined to make up a GIS. A typical GIS consists of (1) a database of quantitative and qualitative data from which nurture is extracted for display, (2) a database of maps, and (3) a program that displays the information on the maps. Chapter 111. What is business intelligence activity? task intelligence (BI) mainly refers to computer-based techniques used in identifying, extracting, and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments, or by associated costs and incomes. 2. What is OLAP, and why is it often associated with visual cubes? OLAP is an approach to fleetly answer multi-dimensional analytical (MDA) queries. It is another type of application used to exploit data warehouses. Although OLAP might not be as sophisticated in terms of the analysis conducted, it has extremely degenerate repartee time and enables executives to make timely decisions. Each spatial relation of the cube provides another cardinal dimensions of relevant information.3. What is the advantage of using a dimensional database earlier than on- the- fly processing in OLAP? Tables, even if joining data from some(prenominal) sources, limit the re cerebration of information. Often, executives need to view information in multiple combinations of two dimensions. 4. wherefore is online analytical processing normally conducted on warehoused data or dimensional databases rather than on data in transactional databases? To speed up response and take up that data and organize the information in dimensional databases for OLAP. 5. What is drillin g down?A process by which one starts with a table that shows broad information and in turn retrieves tables of more specific information. Chapter 121. Why is IT remoteizening so important?* Creating a corporate and IT mission statement. * Articulating the vision for IT at heart the organization. * Creating IT strategic and tactical plans. * Creating a plan for operations to achieve the mission and vision. * Creating a budget to ensure that resources are open to achieve the mission and vision 2. As part of their IT planning, many organizations decide to standardize. What does calibration mean in this context, and what are its potential makes? One major goal and advantage of planning is standardization. When management decides to adopt a certain IT resource for all its units, heedless of function or location, it standardizes its IT. Benefits would be * cost saving * businesslike training * Efficient support3. Why is traditional systems schooling referred to as a pass ? What determines the cycles end? Because it consists of several lucid phases that are followed methodically, and the developers complete the phases sequentially. The SDLC approach assumes that the living of an IS starts with a need, followed by an assessment of the functions that a system must have to run across that need, and ends when the benefits of the system no desireer surpass its maintenance costs, or when the net benefit of a new system would devolve the net benefits of the current system. 4. Systems developers often use the term application development rather than systems development. Why? It involves fast development of an application based on initial user requirements and several cycles of user input and developer improvements.5. What are the benefits of using data flow diagrams? Who benefits from DFDs? The use of only four symbols and the simplicity of DFDs are their great advantage. Those who benefit are extraneous entities include individuals and groups of peo ple who are external to the system, such as customers, employees, other departments in the organization, or other organizations. 6. SDLC is usually recommended for development an IS that will be interfaced to other ISs. Give two examples of an IS that is interfaced with at least two other ISs. The better known methods are Extreme Programming (XP), Adaptive software package Development (ASD), Lean Development (LD), thinking(prenominal) Unified Process (RUP), Feature goaded Development (FDD), Dynamic Systems Development manner (DSDM), Scrum, and Crystal.7. Recall the discussion of IT professionals in Chapter 1, Business Information Systems An Overview. Of the following professionals, who does the majority of the systems locution job the CIO, systems analyst, database administrator (DBA), or computer software engineer? Why? Systems analyst, because it takes a specialist to analyze and determine the type of program made to improve the system. 8. What are the advantages of restle ss methods over waterfall development methods, such as the traditional SDLC? What are the risks? The differences among the methods are exterior the scope of this discussion. However, the major advantage of all agile methods is that they result in fast development of applications so that users can have them within weeks rather than months or years. Users do not have to wait long for system modifications, whether they are required because of programmer errors or because users have second thoughts slightly some features.However, the benefits of agile methods do not come without risks. First, the analysis phase is nominal or is some quantify eliminated completely. Reducing or skipping a thorough formal analysis increases the risk of incompatibilities and other unforeseen mishaps. Also, the develop-ers employ most of their time to construction and forgetful time to documentation, so modification at a later date can be extremely time consuming, if not impossible. Because of the inher ent risks, there are times when agile methods are appropriate and others when they are not.9. Why are agile methods so helpful when users cannot define system requirements? supple methods encourage users involvement throughout the process and encourage developers to change requirements in response to user input if needed. The purpose of agile methods is not to conform to a inactive contract with the users but to ensure that the users accept an application with which they are happy. Critics of agile programing in general and XP in busy argue that the relaxed approach to planning as well as ceding decision making and accountability to clients (users) might result in disasters, especially if such methods are applied to large, complex projects.10. An increasing spot of IS professionals prefer to call the end users of their creations customers, even if the developers and users are employees of the same organization. Why? The customers of software development, the users, are not an adverse company and should not be negotiated with but regarded as codevelopers and co- owners of the software. 11. What is systems integration?The process of linking together different computing systems and software applications physically or functionally, to act as a arrange whole. 12. Why is systems integration more mixed when the systems involve the wind vane than when they do not? Systems integration is often much more complicated than systems development, because it requires the IT professionals to make different applications spread abroad with each other seamlessly. The complexity is compute when integrating ISs of several organizations that must wrick together over the Web. 13. The emergence of the Web as a vehicle for business increased the need for systems integration. How so? The network allows for remote access and because more legacy databases are integrated into new endeavour applications it makes for a smooth transition of data traffic.